Resumo Teorias que propõem a apropriação popular da Constituição ligadas ao debate sobre constitucionalismo popular e democrático surgem como reações ao protagonismo do Poder Judiciário, em particular cortes constitucionais, no sistema político e nas agendas de pesquisa pautadas pelo juriscentrismo do Direito Constitucional. O artigo discute a aplicabilidade e a pertinência dessas teorias em contextos em que o autoritarismo se estabelece e progride gradualmente, notadamente pelas vias democráticas e com apoio das maiorias políticas, e em que o Judiciário não é percebido como a principal fonte de preocupação em relação à democracia constitucional. Para isso, o trabalho busca situar o debate sobre democratização da construção do significado constitucional na produção nacional mais ampla sobre mobilização social do direito, sugerindo razões para o seu desenvolvimento tardio. Recupera as principais características das propostas de constitucionalismo popular e constitucionalismo democrático nos Estados Unidos dos anos 2000, sua influência no Brasil e na América Latina e os influxos recebidos nesses novos contextos. Explora as críticas sofridas por essa literatura e suas contribuições para uma reflexão sobre a aplicabilidade e a pertinência dessas ideias em contextos de autoritarismo crescente. Por fim, apresenta dois casos ocorridos durante o governo de Jair Bolsonaro que ilustram alguns dos aspectos debatidos ao longo do artigo: a extinção de conselhos participativos no âmbito da Administração Pública Federal e a disputa pelo significado do artigo 142 da Constituição Federal de 1988.

Abstract Theories on the popular appropriation of the Constitution linked to the debate on popular and democratic constitutionalism emerge as a reaction to the protagonism of the Judiciary, in particular constitutional courts, in the political system and in the research agendas guided by the juriscentrism of Constitutional Law. The article discusses the applicability and pertinence of these theories in contexts where authoritarianism is gradually advanced by democratic means and with the support of political majorities, and where the Judiciary is no longer perceived as the major concern regarding the constitutional democracy. To this end, the paper seeks to situate the debate on democratization of the Constitution within the broader Brazilian production on social mobilization of law, suggesting reasons for its late development. It recovers the main features of popular and democratic constitutionalism proposals in the United States in the 2000s, their influence in Brazil and Latin America, and the influxes received in these new contexts. It explores the criticisms suffered by this literature and its contribution to a reflection on its applicability and pertinence. Finally, it presents two cases that illustrate some of the aspects discussed throughout the article: the extinction of participatory councils within the Federal Public Administration and the dispute over the meaning of article 142 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, which occurred during the Jair Bolsonaro government.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) highlights the relevance of using information and communications technology (ICT) in education for improving the quality of education. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to extend research on digital competences in education. To advance the development of digital competencies it is necessary to take account of how teachers perceive these. In addition, systematic reviews of the literature on ICT and education show an imbalance regarding the amount of research from Africa compared to other regions of the world. In this sense, the objective of this study carried out between March 2019 and April 2020 was to analyse the perceptions of primary school teachers from 8 African countries about their digital competences. The teachers were master's students in teacher training on virtual platforms. A mixed methodological perspective (quantitative-qualitative) was adopted and a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was applied. The quantitative and qualitative analyses show that the teachers recognised their digital competence at all 3 levels. The needs highlighted by teachers were in developing their knowledge of how to create content with the support of technology. However, the available resources, which differed in the participants' work contexts and did not enable the equal use of ICT in all African countries, was an important issue highlighted by the participants. It is recommended that teacher training in digital competence is prepared using instructional design that promotes innovation and contact with real teaching-learning situations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as características antropométricas, bioquímicas, hormonais e a presença de polimorfismos genéticos de leptina, adiponectina e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) entre crianças e adolescentes eutróficos e obesos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle conduzido com 104 crianças e adolescentes. Todos os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto às características antropométricas e parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e de polimorfismo genético. A amostra foi selecionada no ambulatório de endocrinologia pediátrica especializado no tratamento da obesidade em crianças e adolescentes de acordo com a classificação do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), e os controles foram selecionados no mesmo local, porém no ambulatório de pediatria geral. Resultados: Alguns parâmetros foram associados à obesidade em nosso estudo: cor preta, pais obesos, pais hipertensos e desmame precoce. Níveis aumentados de insulina, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, colesterol LDL, PCR-U, AST, ALT, GGT, T4 Livre, IGF-1, ácido úrico e níveis baixos de colesterol HDL estão associados a uma chance maior de obesidade. A presença de polimorfismos AG/AA na leptina está associada a uma chance 290% (OR 3,9) maior de obesidade, enquanto para os genes da adiponectina as chances são 740% (OR 8,4) maiores. Nessas crianças e adolescentes obesos com haplótipos AG/AA, os níveis séricos de leptina aumentaram e os níveis de adiponectina diminuíram em relação aos eutróficos, já os níveis séricos de TNF-α não se alteraram. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que os polimorfismos AG/AA nos genes da leptina e adiponectina alteram os níveis séricos dessas adipocinas e predispõem à obesidade precoce, e muitos marcadores antropométricos, bioquímicos e hormonais ficam alterados, trazendo consequências para a saúde dessas crianças e adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal characteristics and the presence of genetic polymorphisms of leptin, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) between eutrophic and obese children and adolescents. Methods: This is a case–control study involving 104 children and adolescents. All subjects were assessed for anthropometric characteristics and clinical, laboratory, and genetic polymorphism parameters. The sample was selected from the pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic specialized in the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification, and controls were selected from the same location in the general pediatric outpatient clinic. Results: As a result, the parameters, such as black color, obese parents, hypertensive parents, and early weaning, were found to be associated with obesity. Increased levels of insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, CRP-U, AST, ALT, GGT, free T4, IGF-1, and uric acid and low levels of HDL cholesterol are found to be associated with a higher chance of obesity. The presence of AG/AA polymorphisms in the leptin is associated with a 290% (OR 3.9) higher chance of obesity, and for adiponectin genes, the chances are 740% (OR 8.4) higher. In these obese children and adolescents with AG/AA haplotypes, serum leptin levels were increased and adiponectin levels were decreased in eutrophic individuals, whereas serum TNF-α levels did not change. Conclusions: The AG/AA polymorphisms in the leptin and adiponectin genes alter the serum levels of these adipokines and predispose them to obesity, and many anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal markers are altered, demonstrating early consequences for the health of these obese children and adolescents.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, desdobramentos jurídicos relativos à sexualidade e à identidade de gênero vêm sendo reconhecidos tanto nacional quanto internacionalmente. Nesse contexto, apesar dos esforços para a construção e consolidação de um conteúdo autônomo, os direitos sexuais com frequência são reivindicados a partir do tratamento conjunto de “direitos sexuais e reprodutivos”. O presente artigo busca demonstrar que, historicamente, sobretudo a partir das conferências internacionais da década de 1990, esse tratamento indiferenciado entre direitos sexuais e reprodutivos colaborou para que os primeiros passassem a ser vistos como uma categoria subordinada e condicionada aos segundos. Esse processo, embora tenha sido objeto de críticas pela literatura, não foi revertido no emprego do termo pelo poder público no Brasil. À luz dessas considerações, o artigo busca apontar a utilidade da categoria autônoma dos direitos sexuais para a proteção e promoção de direitos relativos à sexualidade e identidade de gênero. De maneira mais ampla, tem por objetivo evidenciar alguns dos riscos que uma visão que desconsidere as características de interdependência e indivisibilidade dos direitos humanos pode acarretar.

Abstract In recent decades, legal developments regarding the field of sexuality have been recognized both nationally and internationally. In this context, sexual rights are often claimed based on the joint treatment of “sexual and reproductive rights”, despite efforts to build and consolidate an autonomous content. Historically, this undifferentiated treatment between sexual and reproductive rights collaborated so that the former came to be seen as a subordinate and conditioned category to the latter. Despite the criticisms, this process has not been reversed on the political and constitutional level in Brazil. In the light of these considerations, the article aims to point out the usefulness of the category of sexual rights for the protection and promotion of rights related to sexuality and gender identity. It also aims to signal the risks of a fragmentary view of human rights that does not consider them in an indivisible and interdependent way.

Resumo Contaminantes emergentes como o 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) podem ser descartados através dos sistemas de esgotamento sanitário e contaminar as fontes de água. O Lago Paranoá é um reservatório estratégico de Brasília (Brasil) que recebe efluentes tratados de estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETE) e, recentemente, tem sido usado como fonte de abastecimento público. Este estudo monitorou diferentes matrizes da bacia do Lago Paranoá usando o método de Elisa. Este monitoramento foi realizado junto à agência ambiental local em dois períodos. O EE2 foi detectado em todas as amostras de esgoto mostrando que este resíduo está continuamente sendo descartado no lago. No entanto, o EE2 foi encontrado em somente uma amostra da água do lago (0,07 ng L-1), que foi abaixo da concentração preditiva sem efeito considerada como de risco para animais aquáticos. O EE2 não foi detectado na água tratada. Mesmo assim, o aumento no uso da água do lago para abastecimento público indica a necessidade de um monitoramento contínuo de EE2 no lago.

Abstract Emerging contaminants such as 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) can be discharged from sewage systems and contaminate water supplies. Paranoá Lake is a strategic water reservoir in Brasília (Brazil) that receives treated sewage from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and has recently become a water supply. This study monitored EE2 residues in different matrices from Paranoá Lake watershed using the ELISA method. This monitoring was performed together with the local environmental agency in two periods. EE2 was detected in all sewage samples showing that this residue is continually being discharged into the lake. However, EE2 was found in only one freshwater sample (0.07 ng L-1), which is below the predicted no-effect concentration considered as a risk for aquatic animals. EE2 was not detected in treated water. Nevertheless, the increased use of freshwater as a water supply signals the need for continuous EE2 monitoring in the lake.

Abstract: This study analyzes teachers’ perceptions of competence development in service-learning (S-L) projects. S-L is an active methodology that combines academic learning and training for citizens and social responsibility. Although the focus of S-L projects is usually on the students' learning, experiences in S-L allow a global and holistic knowledge construction. This study was based on a mixed paradigm. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 34 teachers from Spain, Portugal and different Latin American countries that had previously participated in S-L projects. The results showed positive teacher’s perception of skill acquisition related to S-L. However, this study warns of the need for specific training for this particular methodology.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la percepción de los profesores respecto al desarrollo de competencias a partir de proyectos de el aprendizaje de servicio (ApS). ApS es una metodología activa en la que se combina aprendizaje académico y formación para la ciudadanía y la responsabilidad social. A pesar de que el enfoque de los proyectos suele estar en el aprendizaje de los alumnos, las experiencias en ApS permiten una construcción global y holística del conocimiento. Esta investigación, fundamentada en un paradigma mixto, ha aplicado un cuestionario semi-estructurado a 34 profesores de España, Portugal y diferentes países de América Latina que han participado en proyectos de ApS. Los resultados evidencian una percepción positiva de los docentes respecto a la adquisición de competencias relacionadas con el ApS. Sin embargo, el estudio advierte de la necesidad de formación específica para esta metodología en concreto.

Abstract Water deficit is an important climatic problem that can impair agriculture yield and economy. Genetically modified soybean plants containing the AtNCED3 gene were obtained aiming drought-tolerance improvement. The NCED3 gene encodes a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED, EC 1.13.11.51), an important enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis. ABA activates the expression of drought-responsive genes, in water-deficit conditions, targeting defense mechanisms and enabling plants to survive under low water availability. Results from greenhouse experiments showed that the transgene AtNCED3 and the endogenous genes GmAREB1, GmPP2C, GmSnRK2 and GmAAO3 presented higher expression under water deficit (WD) in the event 2Ha11 than in WT-plants. No significant correlation was observed between the plant materials and WD conditions for growth parameters; however, gas exchange measurements decreased in the GM event, which also showed 80% higher intrinsic water use when compared to WT plants. In crop season 2015/16, event 2Ha11 showed higher total number of pods, higher number of pods with seeds and yield than WT plants. ABA concentration was also higher in GM plants under WD. These results obtained in field screenings suggest that AtNCED3 soybean plants might outperform under drought, reducing economic and yield losses, thus being a good candidate line to be incorporated in the soybean-breeding program to develop drought-tolerant cultivars.

Resumo Apesar do grande número de pesquisas que vêm sendo realizadas em pós-graduações, as contribuições destas para a melhoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem ainda não chegam à sala de aula, ficando muitas vezes esquecidas/inutilizadas. Diante da necessidade de integrar a pós-graduação com o ensino básico, nesse trabalho, a emodina, substância isolada de uma espécie vegetal e identificada por métodos espectroscópicos, durante a pós-graduação em produtos naturais, foi utilizada em aulas teóricas e práticas para ensino médio, sendo discutido seus espectros de infravermelho e ultravioleta, e sua atividade como indicador natural de pH. Através disso, foi possível despertar o interesse dos discentes pela pesquisa em química, fortalecendo o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Abstract Despite the large number of researches that are being carried out in postgraduate studies, their contributions to the improvement of the teaching-learning process still do not reach the classroom, and are often forgotten/unused. Faced with the need to integrate post-graduation with elementary education, in this work, the emodin, isolated substance of a plant species, and identified by spectroscopic methods, during postgraduate courses in natural products, was used in theoretical and practical classes for teaching high school students, being discussed its infrared and ultraviolet spectrum, and its activity as a natural indicator of pH. Through this, it was possible to arouse the interest of students through chemistry research, strengthening the teaching-learning process.

Abstract Water deficit is one of the major limitations to soybean production worldwide, yet the genetic basis of drought-responsive mechanisms in crops remains poorly understood. In order to study the gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of soybean, two contrasting genotypes, Embrapa 48 (drought-tolerant) and BR 16 (drought-sensitive), were evaluated under moderate and severe water deficit. Transcription factors from the AP2/EREBP and WRKY families were investigated. Embrapa 48 showed 770 more up-regulated genes than BR 16, in eight categories. In general, leaves presented more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than roots. Embrapa 48 responded to water deficit faster than BR 16, presenting a greater number of DEGs since the first signs of drought. Embrapa 48 exhibited initial modulation of genes associated with stress, while maintaining the level of the ones related to basic functions. The genes expressed exclusively in the drought-tolerant cultivar, belonging to the category of dehydration responsive genes, and the ones with a contrasting expression pattern between the genotypes are examples of important candidates to confer tolerance to plants. Finally, this study identified genes of the AP2/EREBP and WRKY families related to drought tolerance.

Marco contextual: Las complicaciones postoperatorias pueden entenderse como respuestas ineficaces del modelo de adaptación de Roy al proceso de afrontamiento generado por la cirugía cardíaca electiva. Objetivos: Identificar las complicaciones del postoperatorio inmediato de adultos y años sometidos a cirugías electivas con circulación extracorpórea; Categorizar las complicaciones postoperatorias inmediatas identificadas como respuestas ineficaces del modo fisiológico del sistema adaptativo humano. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo. Resultados: Analizamos los registos del postoperatorio inmediato de 230 personas que se sometieron a cirugía cardíaca electiva con derivación cardiopulmonar realizada entre enero y diciembre de 2013, 2014 y 2015. Se identificaron 423 complicaciones en el postoperatorio inmediato, la mayoría de las afiliaciones, el equilibrio de líquidos, electrolitos y ácido-base y la función de endoscopia. Conclusión: la lectura de las complicaciones postoperatorias como respuestas adaptativas ineficaces amplifica la evaluación y la intervención del equipo de enfermería durante el período postoperatorio, garantizando una dirección disciplinaria singular.

Enquadramento: Complicações verificadas no pós-operatório podem ser compreendidas como respostas ineficazes do modelo de adaptação de Roy frente à estratégia de coping gerada pela cirurgia cardíaca eletiva. Objetivos: Identificar as complicações do pós-operatório imediato de adultos e idosos submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas eletivas com uso de circulação extracorpórea; Categorizar as complicações do pós-operatório imediato identificadas como respostas ineficazes do modo fisiológico do sistema adaptativo humano. Metodologia: Estudo do tipo observacional retrospetivo, transversal, de objetivo exploratório e descritivo. Foram analisados os registos do período pós-operatório imediato de 230 pessoas submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva com uso de circulação extracorpórea no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foram identificadas 423 complicações no pós-operatório imediato, estando relacionadas, na sua maioria, com o equilíbrio de fluidos, eletrólitos e ácido-base e função endócrina. Conclusão: A leitura das complicações pós-operatórias como respostas ineficazes amplia a participação avaliativa e de intervenção da equipa de enfermagem durante o período pós-operatório, garantindo uma direção disciplinar singular.

Background: Postoperative complications can be understood as an ineffective response of the Roy adaptation model to the coping process generated by elective cardiac surgery. Objectives: To identify the complications in the immediate postoperative period of adults and elderly patients submitted to elective cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation; To categorize immediate postoperative complications as ineffective responses of the physiological mode of the human adaptive system. Methodology: Retrospective, cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive observational study. The immediate postoperative records of 230 patients who underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation performed between January and December 2013, 2014, and 2015 were analyzed. Results: In the immediate postoperative period, 423 complications were identified, mostly related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and endocrinal function. Conclusion: The reading of postoperative complications as ineffective adaptive responses extends the need for evaluation and intervention of the nursing team during the postoperative period, ensuring unique disciplinary management.

Abstract Language and culture are part of the identity construction of individuals. When a child grows up in a different country of his parents, his identity will be more complex, since there’s an alive language and culture in his familiar environment, nevertheless, different from the majority language and culture of the country he lives. This paper addresses to recognize the strategies of 11 Brazilian relatives immigrated to Spain to transmit the Portuguese as a heritage language to their children who live in Spain. The results point to an awareness about their primordial role in the heritage language transmission. Moreover, they recognize the support of an institution in order to minimize the communication restriction contexts in this language.

Resumen Lengua y cultura son elementos determinantes en la construcción de la identidad de los individuos. Cuando un niño crece en un país distinto al de sus padres, esta identidad será más compleja, puesto que la lengua y cultura familiar serán distintas a la lengua y cultura del país donde vive. Este estudio de caso único de corte cualitativo realizado con un grupo de once familiares brasileños buscó identificar las estrategias utilizadas para la transmisión del portugués como lengua de herencia a sus hijos que crecen en España. Los resultados demuestran que a pesar de reconocer su rol de principal transmisor, los familiares consideran fundamental el soporte de otras instituciones para minimizar la restricción de contextos de comunicación en esta lengua.

Resumo Ao pretender promover mudanças sociais por meio da litigância perante instituições estatais, regionais e supranacionais, a prática de litígio estratégico em direitos humanos opera nas fronteiras: direito e política; movimentos sociais e instituições; planos doméstico e internacional; conservação e transformação. O presente artigo busca explorar essas encruzilhadas abordando de maneira crítica os dilemas acerca do litígio estratégico em direitos humanos, suas características, participantes e o contexto em que se insere. Ao refletir sobre se e em que medida o litígio estratégico em direitos humanos pode contribuir para alterar as hierarquias e desigualdades sociais existentes, argumenta que o tema deve ser abordado de forma complexa, crítica e contextualizada e que seus limites devem ser observados e discutidos de forma a evitar que seu processo reforce relações de poder e que produza efeitos colaterais inesperados e conservadores.

Abstract By aiming to promote social change through litigation before domestic, regional and international institutions, strategic litigation in human rights operates in the borders: law and politics, social movements and institutions, national and international, conservation and transformation. This article explores these crossroads by critically addressing dilemmas about human rights strategic litigation, its characteristics, participants and the context in which it is embedded. Reflecting on whether and to what extent strategic human rights litigation can contribute to changing existing social hierarchies and inequalities, the article argues that the issue should be addressed in a complex, critical and contextualized way. The limits of strategic human rights litigation should be observed and discussed in order to avoid strengthening power relations and producing unexpected and conservative side effects.

The article aims at understanding the determinants of ministerial turnover in presidential systems. There are essentially three key factors that govern the propensity for ministerial turnover in a presidential system: 01. political ambition - reflected in the individual or collective strategies and tactics employed by the party-affiliated actors represented in the cabinet; 02. the presence or absence of a governing coalition - which has bearing on the degree of ideological distance between the president and such political parties as form part of any governing coalition, with consequences for ministerial scrutiny; and 03. accountability - a determinant in responding to such external pressures as may be brought to bear by public opinion. In order to investigate the impacts of these factors, this inquiry seeks to analyze the new and dynamic democracy of Brazil. Brazil's presidential system presents interesting features that make it an excellent laboratory in which to test hypotheses concerning every aspect of ministerial turnover. To this end, this paper employs a multivariate methodology, as well as descriptive and survival analyses, based on a comprehensive and original database of cabinet ministers that draws on three presidencies over five democratically elected governments from 1995 to 2014. Among other results, our most original finding was that there is an inverse correlation between the degree of ministerial politicization (political ambition) and ideological distance from the president during political scandals (interaction between the governing coalition and accountability) on the one hand, and the length of ministerial tenure on the other.

This work reports the development of a certified reference material (CRM) of holmium(III) oxide Ho2O3 in acidic solution for the wavelength scale calibration of UV-Vis spectrophotometers. A 4.0% Ho2O3 solution was gravimetrically prepared in 10% perchloric acid and bottled in 5.0 mL glass ampoules. Homogeneity, stability and characterization were assessed according to ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35. The material certification was undertaken by two laboratories by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry for characterization of the 14 peaks of minimum transmittance of Ho2O3, using a spectral bandwidth of 1.00 nm and a scanning speed of 30.0 nm min‒1. The material property values in wavelength (nm) were obtained for these 14 peaks, together with the expanded uncertainty (U) of 0.12 nm, for a coverage factor (k = 2.00) corresponding to a probability of approximately 95%, which took into account the standard uncertainties obtained in each study performed for the certification of the produced reference material.